MK Wiki EN - User contributions [en]

Ubuntu Upgrade Jammy To Noble

2026-05-01T21:03:00Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Initial version; Apache and PHP

Upgrading Ubuntu from Jammy Jellyfish/22.04 to Noble Numbat/24.04

== Apache and PHP ==

a2dismod php8.1
apt install libapache2-mod-php8.3
a2enmod php8.3
systemctl restart apache2

[[Category:Linux]]

LXC

2026-05-01T20:58:14Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: /* Common problems */ +AppArmor problems when running Ubuntu 24.04 on Debian 11/12 host

== Installation ==

=== Ubuntu ===

apt install lxc lxc-templates ''debian-archive-keyring''

"debian-archive-keyring" must be installed if containers running Debian should be created.

== Directories ==

* '''Container:''' /var/lib/lxc
* '''Cache for system installations:''' /var/cache/lxc

Both of these can be links to other directories on another volume. This can make sense, since both directories can easily consume many GiB of disk space. It's important that the destination volume is not mounted with either the "nodev" or "noexec" mount option. If this is the case, it is possible to remount the volume with a command like this:

mount -o '''remount''',rw,nosuid,relatime,uhelper=udisks /dev/''AAAb'' /media/''whatever''

Additionally, the corresponding line in <code>/etc/fstab</code> shall be adjusted.

== Examples ==

=== Simple installation of Debian with some useful packages ===

lxc-create -n deb12c1 -t debian -- -r bookworm --packages nano,screen,iputils-ping,less,dnsutils,bind9-host,wget,nginx,ca-certificates

==== Troubleshooting key ring errors with debootstrap ====

Container creation might fail with these messages (Debian Bullseye on Ubuntu 18.04):

<pre>
debootstrap ist /usr/sbin/debootstrap
Checking cache download in /var/cache/lxc/debian/rootfs-bullseye-amd64 ...
Downloading debian minimal ...
I: Retrieving InRelease
I: Checking Release signature
E: Release signed by unknown key (key id 605C66F00D6C9793)
Failed to download the rootfs, aborting.
Failed to download 'debian base'
failed to install debian
lxc-create: deb11webdev: lxccontainer.c: create_run_template: 1617 Failed to create container from template
lxc-create: deb11webdev: tools/lxc_create.c: main: 327 Failed to create container deb11webdev
</pre>

The reason is that <code>debootstrap</code> is using the key rings installed in /usr/share/keyrings/. On older Ubuntu systems the key rings for newer Debian releases, like Bullseye, are missing. They can be easily installed using the package from a newer Ubuntu version since there are no dependencies (as can be seen on Ubuntu's package information page [https://packages.ubuntu.com/impish/debian-archive-keyring debian-archive-keyring (2021.1.1ubuntu1)]).

wget http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/universe/d/debian-archive-keyring/debian-archive-keyring_2021.1.1ubuntu1_all.deb
dpkg -i debian-archive-keyring_2021.1.1ubuntu1_all.deb

After that, /usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-bullseye* exist:

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8.5K 2021-03-26 12:11 /usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-bullseye-automatic.gpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8.6K 2021-03-26 12:11 /usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-bullseye-security-automatic.gpg
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.4K 2021-03-26 12:11 /usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-bullseye-stable.gpg

== Configuration ==

=== Nested containers ===

To enable installation of LXC inside a container, it must have the following setting:

lxc.mount.auto = cgroup

=== Mount file ===

In the container's config file, add or modify the line specifiing "lxc.mount":

lxc.mount = /var/lib/lxc/'''container'''/fstab

The fstab file might look like this:

/host/dir/ /var/lib/lxc/'''container'''/rootfs/dir/in/container none bind,create=dir

== Common problems ==

=== AppArmor problems when running Ubuntu 24.04 on Debian 11/12 host ===

Add this section to <code>/etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/lxc/container-base</code>:

# 2026/05/01: Ubuntu 24.04 Systemd Sandboxing Compatibility
# This block allows modern systemd to create nested mount namespaces and use pivot_root.

# --- 1. Propagation & Transition Rules ---
mount options=(rw, rslave) -> /,
mount options=(rw, rshared) -> /,
mount options=(rw, rprivate) -> /,
mount options=(rw, slave) -> /run/systemd/incoming/,
mount options=(rw, rslave) -> /dev/,

# --- 2. Namespace Creation (Proc/Shm) ---
mount fstype=proc proc -> /run/systemd/namespace-*/,
mount fstype=ramfs srcname=ramfs -> /dev/shm/,
mount fstype=ramfs options=(rw, nosuid, nodev, noexec) -> /dev/shm/,

# --- 3. The mount-rootfs Sandbox (The Core Fix) ---
# Allows systemd to populate the sandbox from the real root
mount options=(rw, rbind) / -> /run/systemd/mount-rootfs/,

# Allows masking sensitive files/dirs (ProtectHome, ProtectSystem, etc.)
mount options=(rw, rbind) /run/systemd/inaccessible/** -> /run/systemd/mount-rootfs/**,

# Allows mapping system, proc, run, and tmp into the sandbox
mount options=(rw, rbind) /{proc,sys,run,tmp,var}/** -> /run/systemd/mount-rootfs/{proc,sys,run,tmp,var}/**,
mount options=(rw, rbind) /run/systemd/unit-root/** -> /run/systemd/mount-rootfs/**,

# Allows the 'remount' phase where systemd sets nosuid/nodev/noexec on sandboxed paths
mount options=(rw, nosuid, nodev, noexec, remount, bind) -> /run/systemd/mount-rootfs/**,

# Allows systemd to self-bind inside the sandbox for propagation changes
mount options=(rw, rbind) /run/systemd/mount-rootfs/** -> /run/systemd/mount-rootfs/**,

# --- 4. Final Handoff ---
pivot_root /run/systemd/mount-rootfs/ -> /run/systemd/mount-rootfs/**,
pivot_root /run/systemd/mount-rootfs/ -> /run/**,

Credits: [https://gemini.google.com/share/5ee155a48492 Chat with Gemini]

=== Debian Container in Ubuntu until 14.10 or Debian 10 (buster) ===

==== Symptoms ====

Directly after creation of the container it cannot be started. The following error message is being displayed:

Failed to mount cgroup at /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd: Permission denied

Or you get a lot of lines in dmesg similar to that one:

[3283539.709422] audit: type=1400 audit(1621956401.478:8529): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mount" info="failed flags match" error=-13 profile="lxc-container-default-with-nesting" name="/run/systemd/unit-root/" pid=14968 comm="(vnstatd)" srcname="/" flags="rw, rbind"

Or services like Apache2 won't start:

apache2.service: Failed to set up mount namespacing: Permission denied
apache2.service: Failed at step NAMESPACE spawning /usr/sbin/apachectl: Permission denied
apache2.service: Control process exited, code=exited, status=226/NAMESPACE

==== Solution ====

Inserting a line in the config-file of the container (usually located in /var/lib/lxc/CONTAINER/config):

lxc.apparmor.profile = unconfined

In LXC version 2 it was

lxc.aa_profile = unconfined

[http://www.panticz.de/LXC-create-Debian-Jessie-container Credits]

=== Container starts without IP address ===

Probably dnsmasq does not listen on the virtual interface (default: lxcbr0).

Solution: Either getting dnsmasq running or using another virtual interface. In the config-file of the container there is a setting lxc.network.link". virbr0 might be used instead.

=== lxcbr0 missing at all after installing LXC ===

Maybe /etc/default/lxc-net is missing.

<pre>
# This file is auto-generated by lxc.postinst if it does not
# exist. Customizations will not be overridden.
# Leave USE_LXC_BRIDGE as "true" if you want to use lxcbr0 for your
# containers. Set to "false" if you'll use virbr0 or another existing
# bridge, or mavlan to your host's NIC.
USE_LXC_BRIDGE="true"

# If you change the LXC_BRIDGE to something other than lxcbr0, then
# you will also need to update your /etc/lxc/default.conf as well as the
# configuration (/var/lib/lxc/<container>/config) for any containers
# already created using the default config to reflect the new bridge
# name.
# If you have the dnsmasq daemon installed, you'll also have to update
# /etc/dnsmasq.d/lxc and restart the system wide dnsmasq daemon.
LXC_BRIDGE="lxcbr0"
LXC_ADDR="10.0.3.1"
LXC_NETMASK="255.255.255.0"
LXC_NETWORK="10.0.3.0/24"
LXC_DHCP_RANGE="10.0.3.2,10.0.3.254"
LXC_DHCP_MAX="253"
# Uncomment the next line if you'd like to use a conf-file for the lxcbr0
# dnsmasq. For instance, you can use 'dhcp-host=mail1,10.0.3.100' to have
# container 'mail1' always get ip address 10.0.3.100.
#LXC_DHCP_CONFILE=/etc/lxc/dnsmasq.conf

# Uncomment the next line if you want lxcbr0's dnsmasq to resolve the .lxc
# domain. You can then add "server=/lxc/10.0.3.1' (or your actual $LXC_ADDR)
# to your system dnsmasq configuration file (normally /etc/dnsmasq.conf,
# or /etc/NetworkManager/dnsmasq.d/lxc.conf on systems that use NetworkManager).
# Once these changes are made, restart the lxc-net and network-manager services.
# 'container1.lxc' will then resolve on your host.
#LXC_DOMAIN="lxc"
</pre>

=== lxcbr0 disappears ===

There might be a conflict with an existing DNS server. I use bind9 and this helps:

service bind9 stop
service lxc-net restart
service bind9 start

=== Apache2 not running inside container ===

For a solution see above (Debian Container in Ubuntu until 14.10 or Debian 10 (buster))!

With my host Ubuntu 18.04 (version of LXC is 3.0.3-0ubuntu1~18.04.1 as of 2019/09/14), Apache won't run inside Debian containers created by these commands:

lxc-create -n deb10c1 -t debian -- -r buster
lxc-create -n deb10c2 -t download -- -d debian -r buster

Obviously [https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=918839 this bug] is related.

== Tips and tricks ==

=== Moving containers from one host to another ===

* Stop the container: <code>lxc-stop -n ''containername''</code>
* In /var/lib/lxc, execute <code>tar --numeric-owner -czf ''containername''.tar.gz containername</code>
* Copy ''containername''.tar.gz from one machine to another (for example, using scp, rsync, wget or curl, or mount a sshfs from the other site)
* On the other machine move the file to /var/lib/lxc
* In /var/lib/lxc, execute <code>tar --numeric-owner -xzf ''containername''.tar.gz</code>
** Optional: remove the tar file by executing <code>rm ''containername''.tar.gz</code>
* Start container using <code>lxc-start -d -n ''containername''</code>
* Enter container using <code>lxc-attach -n ''containername'' -- bash</code>
* Verify that all services are running (for example, using <code>netstat -tulpn</code> or examing the outout of <code>systemctl status</code> (when using systemd) or <code>ps axf</code>)

==== Troubleshooting ====

This should '''not''' be necessary if "--numeric-owner" has been supplied to the tar command above.

Example: You had mysql installed, but after moving, the service refuses to start.

In the original container, <code>ps axf | grep mysql</code> might print a line like this:

1531 ? Sl 0:40 \_ /usr/sbin/mysqld --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/lib/mysql/plugin --user=mysql --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid --socket=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock --port=3306

Execute that command on the copied container. It might print something like this:

<pre>
171112 17:50:01 [Warning] Using unique option prefix key_buffer instead of key_buffer_size is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use the full name instead.
171112 17:50:01 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld (mysqld 5.5.57-0+deb7u1) starting as process 2140 ...
171112 17:50:01 [Warning] Using unique option prefix myisam-recover instead of myisam-recover-options is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use the full name instead.
171112 17:50:01 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled.
/usr/sbin/mysqld: Can't find file: './mysql/plugin.frm' (errno: 13)
171112 17:50:01 [ERROR] Can't open the mysql.plugin table. Please run mysql_upgrade to create it.
171112 17:50:01 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled
171112 17:50:01 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
171112 17:50:01 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.7
171112 17:50:01 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
171112 17:50:01 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 128.0M
171112 17:50:01 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
171112 17:50:01 InnoDB: Operating system error number 13 in a file operation.
InnoDB: The error means mysqld does not have the access rights to
InnoDB: the directory.
InnoDB: File name ./ibdata1
InnoDB: File operation call: 'create'.
InnoDB: Cannot continue operation.
</pre>

If you execute <code>ls -lh ./var/lib/mysql/mysql/plugin.frm</code>, an output similar to that one might appear:

-rw-rw---- 1 106 110 8,4K Aug 14 09:28 ./var/lib/mysql/mysql/plugin.frm

* What's the problem? At the position that should show the owning user and owning group you see "106" and "110" instead.
* How could that happen? The tar command was unable to correctly resolve the owner information. This is a common pitfall in Linux and other Unix-like systems: the user "mysql" can have another uid on every system (as <code>id -u mysql</code> would show). Furthermore, the system (the LXC host) that ran the tar command, did not have a user "mysql".

By "cd /", go to the file system's root directory and execute these commands:

find -uid 106 -exec chown mysql {} \;
find -gid 110 -exec chgrp mysql {} \;

If the above "ls" command printed other uid/gid values, replace as needed.

=== Container migration after upgrade from LXC 2.x to 3.x ===

lxc-update-config can be used ([https://discuss.linuxcontainers.org/t/upgrading-from-2-0-7-to-last-version/4775/2 Credits]).

== Links ==

* [https://gitlab.com/MichaelKremser/lxcscripts Repository "lxcscripts" from Michael Kremser at GitLab: contains various useful scripts]
* [https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/manpages/man5/lxc.container.conf.5.html Container configuration man page]
* [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/LXC/ LXC in ubuntuusers.de (German)]
* [https://wiki.debian.org/LXC LXC in Debian Wiki]
* [https://git.devuan.org/gregolsen/lxc-devuan LXC Template for Devuan]
* [https://www.hastexo.com/blogs/florian/2016/02/21/containers-just-because-everyone-else/ Containers: Just Because Everyone Else is Doing Them Wrong, Doesn't Mean You Have To]

[[Category:Linux]]

Debian Upgrade Bookworm To Trixie

2026-03-13T19:35:12Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: +nginx SSL

This article contains all problems that I encountered when upgrading Debian from 12/Bookworm to 13/Trixie.

== Web Application Using PHP and MariaDB ==

After upgrade, PHP would not work any more. Installation of package <code>libapache2-mod-php8.4</code> was required. Then the MariaDB (formerly MySQL) database could not be accessed which could be solved by installing <code>php8.4-mysql</code>.

apt -y install libapache2-mod-php8.4 php8.4-mysql

== nginx SSL ==

<code>nginx -t</code> might print an error message like this one:

unknown directive "ssl" in /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/site:linenr

It's easy to fix: Run

nano /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/site:linenr

Usually in this line you find

listen 443;

Add "ssl" to it:

listen 443 ssl;

Later in the file remove the line

ssl on;

[https://futurestud.io/tutorials/nginx-how-to-fix-ssl-directive-is-deprecated-use-listen-ssl Credits]

[[Category:Linux]]

Enable Hibernate Button

2026-03-13T17:02:19Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: +Ubuntu Cinnamon

== Ubuntu Cinnamon ==

Tested with these versions: Ubuntu 24.04.4, Cinnamon 6.0.4

<code>/etc/polkit-1/rules.d/10-enable-hibernate.rules</code>

polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) {
if (action.id == "org.freedesktop.login1.hibernate" &&
subject.isInGroup("sudo")) {
return polkit.Result.YES;
}
});

[https://askubuntu.com/a/1560288/256510 Credits]

X Keyboard

2026-03-12T17:46:51Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: +Any other Unicode character

Several notes concerning keyboard operation in X Window System.

== IME/Emojis ==

Either Ctrl+Shift+E opens the emoji selection dialog directly or Ctrl+Shift+E followed by space. The relevant application's path is <code>/usr/libexec/ibus-ui-emojier</code> and it is contained in package <code>ibus</code> in Debian.

[[File:Ibus ui emojier.png|thumb|IBus Emojier]]

The shortcut can be changed in "IBus Preferences", tab page "Emoji".

[[File:Ibus setup emoji annotated.png|thumb|IBus Preferences showing option for emoji selection dialog]]

== Any other Unicode character ==

By default, Ctrl+Shift+U displays an underscored "u" and expects the code point to be entered (confirmation is done by pressing Enter). For example, "2192" generates the "→" sign (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrows_(Unicode_block) Arrows (Unicode block)] in Wikipedia).

[[Category:Linux]]
[[Category:BSD]]

Debian Upgrades

2026-03-12T17:33:14Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Initial version covering upgrades from Debian 9/Stretch until 13/Trixie

Upgrading Debian versions does not always work hassle-free. Sometimes, some applications do not work after upgrade and manual work is required.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption text
|-
!colspan="2"| From version !!colspan="2"| To version !! Article
|-
| 9 || Stretch || 10 || Buster || [[Debian Upgrade Stretch To Buster]]
|-
| 10 || Buster || 11 || Bullseye || [[Debian Upgrade Buster To Bullseye]]
|-
| 11 || Bullseye || 12 || Bookworm || [[Debian Upgrade Bullseye To Bookworm]]
|-
| 12 || Bookworm || 13 || Trixie || [[Debian Upgrade Bookworm To Trixie]]
|}

Th next version, Debian 14/Forky, is expected around summer 2027.

[[Category:Linux]]

Debian Upgrade Bullseye To Bookworm

2026-03-01T19:40:22Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Mention php-fpm

This article contains all problems that I encountered when upgrading Debian from 11/Bullseye to 12/Bookworm.

== Web Application Using PHP and MariaDB ==

After upgrade, PHP would not work any more. Installation of package <code>libapache2-mod-php8.2</code> was required. Then the MariaDB (formerly MySQL) database could not be accessed which could be solved by installing <code>php8.2-mysql</code>.

apt -y install libapache2-mod-php8.2 php8.2-mysql

It can also be that an application says "Unsupported PHP version. Required PHP >= 7.3." or similar. Maybe php-fpm is not activated in /etc/apache/conf-enabled.

a2enconf php8.2-fpm
systemctl reload apache2

[[Category:Linux]]

Nftables

2026-02-16T21:36:19Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: /* Sets */

nftables superseeds iptables and related programs and should be used for new deployments of Linux based systems.

== Documentation ==

* [https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Sets nftables sets]
* [https://wiki.nftables.org/wiki-nftables/index.php/Simple_rule_management Simple rule management]

== Sets ==

<code>
table inet filter {
# adding: nft add element inet filter privileged_hosts { 1.2.3.4 }
# removing: nft delete element inet filter privileged_hosts { 1.2.3.4 }
set privileged_hosts {
type ipv4_addr
flags interval
elements = { 1.2.3.5 }
}

set tcp_ports_always_allowed {
type inet_service
flags interval
elements = { 80, 443 }
}

set tcp_ports_privileged {
type inet_service
flags interval
elements = { 22 }
}

chain input {
type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;
ct state established,related accept
ct state invalid drop

# loopback interface
iifname lo accept
iifname lxcbr0 accept

tcp dport @tcp_ports_always_allowed accept
tcp dport @tcp_ports_privileged ip saddr @privileged_hosts accept
tcp dport @tcp_ports_always_allowed ip6 saddr $allow_ip6s accept
}

chain forward {
type filter hook forward priority 0; policy accept;
}
chain output {
type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept;
}
}
</code>

"flags interval" enables adding multiple elements, like subnets (127.0.0.0/8) or port ranges (8080-8099).

[[Category:Linux]]

Nftables

2026-02-16T21:32:17Z

MkWikiEnSysOp:

Manual Ollama Installation

2026-02-14T21:53:36Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Format with MediaWiki syntax

Tested on Debian 13

Main reference: [https://docs.ollama.com/linux Linux - Ollama - Manual installation]

== Rationale ==

Since I don't want to pollute my system with software whose origin is not the operating system's package repository, I install Ollama to "/opt" rather than "/bin".

== Download and Install ==

Its necessary to install some packages:

apt install zstd curl -y

Then let's download Ollama:

curl -fsSL https://ollama.com/download/ollama-linux-amd64.tar.zst

Unpack the archive:

tar --zstd -xf ollama-linux-amd64.tar.zst -C /opt

Android Shell Commands

2026-02-01T18:28:04Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Added "Backup Data From Phone"

The shell can be started by <code>adb shell</code>. Each command can be sent for direct execution if appended, for example: <code>adb shell svc wifi enable</code>.

== Key Presses And Texts ==

input keyevent ''Code''

input text "''Text''"

For available codes, see [https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/KeyEvent KeyEvent in Android Developer Documentation].

The important

== Start/Stop Services ==

svc ''service'' [enable|disable]

An example for ''service'' is '''wifi'''.

== Backup Data From Phone ==

Hint: on a shell, execute <code>df -h</code>

Internal storage:

adb pull /storage/emulated/0 .

SD card:

adb pull /storage/''Name of Card'' .

[[Category:Android]]

Manual Ollama Installation

2026-01-23T22:57:47Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Created page with "Tested on Debian 13 Main reference: [https://docs.ollama.com/linux Linux - Ollama - Manual installation] Since I don't want to pollute my system with software whose origin is not the operating system's package repository, I install Ollama to "/opt" rather than "/bin". # Download and Install Its necessary to install some packages: apt install zstd curl -y Then let's download Ollama: curl -fsSL https://ollama.com/download/ollama-linux-amd64.tar.zst Unpack the arc..."

Tested on Debian 13

Main reference: [https://docs.ollama.com/linux Linux - Ollama - Manual installation]

Since I don't want to pollute my system with software whose origin is not the operating system's package repository, I install Ollama to "/opt" rather than "/bin".

# Download and Install

Its necessary to install some packages:

apt install zstd curl -y

Then let's download Ollama:

curl -fsSL https://ollama.com/download/ollama-linux-amd64.tar.zst

Unpack the archive:

tar --zstd -xf ollama-linux-amd64.tar.zst -C /opt

Debian Upgrade Bookworm To Trixie

2026-01-18T21:04:54Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Added introduction

Debian Upgrade Bookworm To Trixie

2026-01-18T21:04:07Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Created page with "== Web Application Using PHP and MariaDB == After upgrade, PHP would not work any more. Installation of package <code>libapache2-mod-php8.4</code> was required. Then the MariaDB (formerly MySQL) database could not be accessed which could be solved by installing <code>php8.4-mysql</code>. apt -y install libapache2-mod-php8.4 php8.4-mysql Category:Linux"

== Web Application Using PHP and MariaDB ==

After upgrade, PHP would not work any more. Installation of package <code>libapache2-mod-php8.4</code> was required. Then the MariaDB (formerly MySQL) database could not be accessed which could be solved by installing <code>php8.4-mysql</code>.

apt -y install libapache2-mod-php8.4 php8.4-mysql

[[Category:Linux]]

Debian Archive

2025-11-23T16:00:33Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Added categories

Old versions of Debian, like 7/Wheezy, 8/Jessie, 9/Stretch and 10/Buster, can be updated and upgraded using "Debian Archive". The server "archive.debian.org" must be used in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>.

Credits: [https://www.d4d.lt/how-to-upgrade-debian-7-wheezy-to-10-buster-safely How to upgrade Debian 7 (wheezy) to 10 (buster) safely]

== 7/Wheezy ==

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian-security wheezy/updates main

deb http://archive.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main

# wheezy-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-updates main

== 8/Jessie ==

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ jessie main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ jessie main

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian-security jessie/updates main

deb http://archive.debian.org/ jessie/updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/ jessie/updates main

# jessie-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates main

== 9/Stretch ==

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ stretch main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ stretch main

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main

deb http://archive.debian.org/ stretch/updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/ stretch/updates main

# stretch-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ stretch-updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ stretch-updates main

== 10/buster ==

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ buster main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ buster main

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main

deb http://archive.debian.org/ buster/updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/ buster/updates main

# buster-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ buster-updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ buster-updates main

[[Category:Linux]]
[[Category:Debian]]

Debian Archive

2025-11-23T15:59:20Z

MkWikiEnSysOp:

Debian Archive

2025-11-23T15:58:34Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Described Debian Archive with examples of /etc/apt/sources.list for 7, 8, 9 and 10

Old versions of Debian, like 7/Wheezy, 8/Jessie, 9/Stretch and 10/Buster, can be updated and upgraded using "Debian Archive". The server "archive.debian.org" must be used in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>.

== 7/Wheezy ==

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian-security wheezy/updates main

deb http://archive.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main

# wheezy-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-updates main

== 8/Jessie ==

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ jessie main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ jessie main

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian-security jessie/updates main

deb http://archive.debian.org/ jessie/updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/ jessie/updates main

# jessie-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates main

== 9/Stretch ==

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ stretch main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ stretch main

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main

deb http://archive.debian.org/ stretch/updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/ stretch/updates main

# stretch-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ stretch-updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ stretch-updates main

== 10/buster ==

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ buster main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ buster main

deb http://archive.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main

deb http://archive.debian.org/ buster/updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/ buster/updates main

# buster-updates, previously known as 'volatile'
deb http://archive.debian.org/debian/ buster-updates main
deb-src http://archive.debian.org/debian/ buster-updates main

Main Page

2025-07-17T08:08:57Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: /* Countries in Europe that I have visited by April 2023 */ Updated (Sweden, Norway)

Welcome to MichiGreat-Wiki! Everyone is welcome to contribute to this wiki.

== Online Collaboration ==

This wiki, based on MediaWiki, was created to work together with Michael Kremser aka MichiGreat. It can be used to save information and files needed when working together. This is ''not'' my homepage (it is [http://sws.mkcs.at/michael/ here]) and ''not'' my blog (which is [https://michigreat.blogspot.com/ here]). I mainly use this wiki to document technical related activities and researches and to save technical information that I want to share with others.

== Related Links ==

* [https://gitlab.com/MichaelKremser My profile on GitLab.com]

== History ==

At first, this wiki was hostet at [http://michigreat.a.wiki-site.com/index.php/Hauptseite wiki-site.com] in a wiki with a German language user interface. Nevertheless, some articles were written in English language which probably caused some confusion. Furthermore, wiki-site.com had performance issues quite often, there was no possibility to customize the wiki and to easily backup everything and they did not offer TLS, which should be default these days.

== News ==

=== Countries in Europe that I have visited by April 2023 ===

In October 2022 I finally did something I wanted to do for years: I created a map of Europe in which the countries I have visited so far got a specific color. I used a SVG map from WikiCommons and then changed the colors of those countries according to this table:

* '''Lime''': Home country (Austria)
* '''Violet''': Visited once
** Belarus (2005)
** Finland (2017)
** Spain (2018)
** Romania (2021)
** Netherlands (2022)
** Belgium (2022)
** Luxembourg (2022)
** Czech Republic (2023)
** Norway (2025)
* '''Orange''': Visited twice
** United Kingdom (2015, 2019)
** France (2007, 2022)
** Greece (1999, 2019)
** Liechtenstein (2001, 2016)
** Sweden (2017, 2025)
* '''Yellow''': Visited multiple times
** Hungary (first visit about 1989, most recent visit 2021)
** Slovenia (first visit actually 1987, but was part of Yugoslavia at this time, most recent visit 2024)
** Croatia (same as Slovenia, most recent visit 2024)
** Slovakia (first visit 2018, most recent visit 2023)
* '''Dark green''': Visited countless times
** Germany (first visit 2001, most recent visit 2023; between March 2003 and September 2003 I used to work in Germany)
** Switzerland (first visit 2001, most recent visit 2016)
** Italy (first visit 1988, most recent visit 2021)

[[File:Europe_visited_20250713.png|thumb|Countries in Europe visited by 2025-07-13]]

File:Europe visited 20250713.png

2025-07-17T08:03:49Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Countries in Europe I visited as of 2025/07/13

== Summary ==
Countries in Europe I visited as of 2025/07/13

PostgreSQL Cheat Sheet

2025-05-30T10:12:50Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Added man page of psql

[https://linux.die.net/man/1/psql psql manual page]

== Open SQL Shell ==

=== As user "postgres" ===

sudo -u postgres psql

=== As arbitrary user using TCP/IP ===

psql -h '''host''' -d '''database''' -U '''username''' --password

Even on localhost it's necessary to specify "-h localhost", otherwise an error will appear unless the server isn't configured to allow this kind of connections:

psql: error: connection to server on socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432" failed: FATAL: Peer authentication failed for user "user"

== Important Commands ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Command !! Description
|-
| \l || '''L'''ist databases
|-
| \c || '''C'''onnect to database
|-
| \dt || '''D'''isplay '''t'''ables
|-
| \dv || '''D'''isplay '''v'''iews
|-
| \df || '''D'''isplay '''f'''unctions
|}

[[Category:PostgreSQL]]

PostgreSQL Cheat Sheet

2025-05-30T10:11:35Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: /* Open SQL Shell */

== Open SQL Shell ==

=== As user "postgres" ===

sudo -u postgres psql

=== As arbitrary user using TCP/IP ===

psql -h '''host''' -d '''database''' -U '''username''' --password

Even on localhost it's necessary to specify "-h localhost", otherwise an error will appear unless the server isn't configured to allow this kind of connections:

psql: error: connection to server on socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432" failed: FATAL: Peer authentication failed for user "user"

== Important Commands ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Command !! Description
|-
| \l || '''L'''ist databases
|-
| \c || '''C'''onnect to database
|-
| \dt || '''D'''isplay '''t'''ables
|-
| \dv || '''D'''isplay '''v'''iews
|-
| \df || '''D'''isplay '''f'''unctions
|}

[[Category:PostgreSQL]]

PostgreSQL Cheat Sheet

2025-05-30T10:08:18Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Added category

== Open SQL Shell ==

sudo -u postgres psql

== Important Commands ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Caption text
|-
! Command !! Description
|-
| \l || '''L'''ist databases
|-
| \c || '''C'''onnect to database
|-
| \dt || '''D'''isplay '''t'''ables
|-
| \dv || '''D'''isplay '''v'''iews
|-
| \df || '''D'''isplay '''f'''unctions
|}

[[Category:PostgreSQL]]

PostgreSQL Cheat Sheet

2025-05-29T10:34:31Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Important Commands

Testpage

2025-05-25T19:58:35Z

MkWikiEnSysOp:

This is a '''test''' page. Just necessary.

[[File:Pogo 20180320 gym leoben bahnhof.png]]

[[commons:File:ISO.gif]]

[[wikide:LXC]]

MediaWiki updated to 1.39.12

[[Category:Linux]]

MediaWiki

2025-05-25T19:42:31Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: /* Upgrade In A Nutshell */

== Download ==

[https://releases.wikimedia.org/mediawiki/ Download directory]

== Upgrade In A Nutshell ==

wget https://releases.wikimedia.org/mediawiki/1.39/mediawiki-1.39.12.tar.gz
tar -xf mediawiki-1.39.12.tar.gz
cp -r mediawiki-1.39.12/* $wikidir/.
chown -R www-data:www-data $wikidir/
rm -rf mediawiki-1.39.12/
php $wikidir/maintenance/update.php

Credits: [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Upgrading Manual:Upgrading]

[[Category:Linux]]

MediaWiki

2025-05-25T19:20:34Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Update script fetches 1.39.12

== Download ==

[https://releases.wikimedia.org/mediawiki/ Download directory]

== Upgrade In A Nutshell ==

wget https://releases.wikimedia.org/mediawiki/1.39/mediawiki-1.39.12.tar.gz
tar -xf mediawiki-1.39.12.tar.gz
cp -r mediawiki-1.39.12/* $wikidir/.
chown -R www-data.www-data $wikidir/
rm -rf mediawiki-1.39.12/
php $wikidir/maintenance/update.php

Credits: [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Upgrading Manual:Upgrading]

[[Category:Linux]]

NextCloud

2025-05-07T18:07:43Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: +Updating

== Installation notes ==

=== Guides ===

* [https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-install-nextcloud-13-on-ubuntu-18-04/ TechRepublic]
* [https://docs.nextcloud.com/server/14/admin_manual/installation/source_installation.html#prerequisites-label NextCloud Docs]

=== Debian packages ===

apt install nano apache2 mariadb-server php7.2-gd php7.2-json php7.2-mysql php7.2-curl php7.2-mbstring php7.2-intl php-imagick php7.2-xml php-imagick php7.2-zip php7.2-json php7.2-mbstring libapache2-mod-php7.2 wget curl unzip mc net-tools

=== MySQL setup ===

create user nextclouduser@localhost identified by 'password';
grant all privileges on nextcloud.* to nextclouduser@localhost;

=== Misc ===

chown www-data:www-data /var/www/html/nextcloud/ -R
a2enmod rewrite
a2enmod headers
a2enmod env
a2enmod dir
a2enmod mime

== Accepting self-signed SMTP TLS certificate ==

* Copy /etc/postfix/smtpd.cert from mail server to /usr/local/share/ca-certificates on nextcloud server
* Issue update-ca-certificates on nextcloud server

[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/90450/adding-a-self-signed-certificate-to-the-trusted-list/132163#132163 Credits]

== Updating ==

To avoid problems due to slow download server, execute this command:

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud/updater/updater.phar

[[Category:Linux]]

LetsEncrypt

2025-05-07T15:11:43Z

MkWikiEnSysOp:

This article describes installation and configuration of letsencrypt and its certificates using Debian Jessie/Stretch/Buster/Bullseye/Bookworm. YMMV.

== Installation of certbot ==

=== Manual installation using git ===

==== Installing prerequisite packages ====

Every package after "git" would be installed by the letsencrypt-auto script, but you might want to have the packages installed before.

apt install -y git python python-dev python-virtualenv gcc dialog libssl-dev libffi-dev ca-certificates

==== Fetching letsencrypt ====

git clone https://github.com/letsencrypt/letsencrypt

=== Installation using snap ===

apt install snapd
snap install core
snap install certbot --classic

=== Installation using Python infrastructure ===

Especially when snap cannot be used (message <code>error: system does not fully support snapd: cannot mount squashfs image using "squashfs": mount:</code> appears when "snap install" is run), certbot can be installed using pip:

apt install python3-pip python3-venv
python3 -m venv certbotenv
source certbotenv/bin/activate
pip3 install certbot ''certbot-nginx certbot-apache''

'''Hint:''' Depending on the webserver you use, install module certbot-nginx or certbot-apache.

==== After upgrading OS ====

Usually the previously created virtual environment does not work anymore, so a new environment must be created <ref>https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/no-module-named-certbot/199861/2</ref>.

rm -rf certbotenv/
python3 -m venv certbotenv
source certbotenv/bin/activate
pip3 install certbot ''certbot-nginx certbot-apache''

== Getting a certificate ==

=== The Old Way Using Letsencrypt ===

cd letsencrypt
./letsencrypt-auto '''--test-cert''' certonly --webroot -w /var/www -d fully.qualified.domain

First, test with "--test-cert", if you're certain that everything works, just omit this parameter to get real certificates for production use.

When the script runs, it setups everything that's needed. It asks you for your e-mail address and that you agree to the terms of use. Once the operation is finished, all the files created by the script are located in /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/.

=== The New Way Using Certbot ===

certbot --nginx -d ''fully.qualified.domain''

== Configuring web server ==

=== nginx ===

It is wise to have a dhparam.pem file in /etc/nginx. It can be created using this command:

openssl dhparam -out /etc/nginx/dhparam.pem 4096

Adjust the path and the size (4096) to your requirements. 4096 can take a pretty long time (half an hour wouldn't be a surprise).

<pre>
server {
listen 443;
server_name fully.qualified.domain;

root /var/www;
index index.html index.htm;

error_page 404 /404.html;

ssl on;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/privkey.pem;

ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:5m;

ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;

ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!3DES:!MD5:!PSK';

ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_dhparam /etc/nginx/dhparam.pem;

location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
autoindex on;
}
}
</pre>

=== Apache ===

<pre>
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerAdmin webmaster@domain
ServerName fully.qualified.domain

DocumentRoot /var/www
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
</Directory>

ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/yourdomain_error.log

LogLevel warn

CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/yourdomain_access.log combined

SSLEngine on

SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/privkey.pem
SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/chain.pem

<FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
</FilesMatch>
<Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>
SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
</Directory>

BrowserMatch "MSIE [2-6]" \
nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0
# MSIE 7 and newer should be able to use keepalive
BrowserMatch "MSIE [17-9]" ssl-unclean-shutdown

# Logjam protection
SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
# http://serverfault.com/questions/693306/trying-to-mitigate-logjam-on-apache-2-2-16
SSLCipherSuite ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:AES:CAMELLIA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!MD5:!PSK:!aECDH:!EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA:!EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:!KRB5-DES-CBC3-SHA:!DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:!DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:!DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:!DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:!DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:!DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:!DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA128-SHA:!DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA

SSLHonorCipherOrder on
</VirtualHost>
</IfModule>
</pre>

== Scripts To Execute Upon Renewal ==

/etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy

LetsEncrypt

2025-05-07T15:07:57Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: /* Installation using Python infrastructure */ +After upgrading OS

This article describes installation and configuration of letsencrypt and its certificates using Debian Jessie. YMMV.

== Installation of certbot ==

=== Manual installation using git ===

==== Installing prerequisite packages ====

Every package after "git" would be installed by the letsencrypt-auto script, but you might want to have the packages installed before.

apt install -y git python python-dev python-virtualenv gcc dialog libssl-dev libffi-dev ca-certificates

==== Fetching letsencrypt ====

git clone https://github.com/letsencrypt/letsencrypt

=== Installation using snap ===

apt install snapd
snap install core
snap install certbot --classic

=== Installation using Python infrastructure ===

Especially when snap cannot be used (message <code>error: system does not fully support snapd: cannot mount squashfs image using "squashfs": mount:</code> appears when "snap install" is run), certbot can be installed using pip:

apt install python3-pip python3-venv
python3 -m venv certbotenv
source certbotenv/bin/activate
pip3 install certbot ''certbot-nginx certbot-apache''

'''Hint:''' Depending on the webserver you use, install module certbot-nginx or certbot-apache.

==== After upgrading OS ====

Usually the previously created virtual environment does not work anymore, so a new environment must be created <ref>https://community.letsencrypt.org/t/no-module-named-certbot/199861/2</ref>.

rm -rf certbotenv/
python3 -m venv certbotenv
source certbotenv/bin/activate
pip3 install certbot ''certbot-nginx certbot-apache''

== Getting a certificate ==

=== The Old Way Using Letsencrypt ===

cd letsencrypt
./letsencrypt-auto '''--test-cert''' certonly --webroot -w /var/www -d fully.qualified.domain

First, test with "--test-cert", if you're certain that everything works, just omit this parameter to get real certificates for production use.

When the script runs, it setups everything that's needed. It asks you for your e-mail address and that you agree to the terms of use. Once the operation is finished, all the files created by the script are located in /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/.

=== The New Way Using Certbot ===

certbot --nginx -d ''fully.qualified.domain''

== Configuring web server ==

=== nginx ===

It is wise to have a dhparam.pem file in /etc/nginx. It can be created using this command:

openssl dhparam -out /etc/nginx/dhparam.pem 4096

Adjust the path and the size (4096) to your requirements. 4096 can take a pretty long time (half an hour wouldn't be a surprise).

<pre>
server {
listen 443;
server_name fully.qualified.domain;

root /var/www;
index index.html index.htm;

error_page 404 /404.html;

ssl on;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/privkey.pem;

ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:5m;

ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;

ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!3DES:!MD5:!PSK';

ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_dhparam /etc/nginx/dhparam.pem;

location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
autoindex on;
}
}
</pre>

=== Apache ===

<pre>
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerAdmin webmaster@domain
ServerName fully.qualified.domain

DocumentRoot /var/www
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
</Directory>

ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/yourdomain_error.log

LogLevel warn

CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/yourdomain_access.log combined

SSLEngine on

SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/privkey.pem
SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/chain.pem

<FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
</FilesMatch>
<Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>
SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
</Directory>

BrowserMatch "MSIE [2-6]" \
nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0
# MSIE 7 and newer should be able to use keepalive
BrowserMatch "MSIE [17-9]" ssl-unclean-shutdown

# Logjam protection
SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
# http://serverfault.com/questions/693306/trying-to-mitigate-logjam-on-apache-2-2-16
SSLCipherSuite ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:AES:CAMELLIA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!MD5:!PSK:!aECDH:!EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA:!EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:!KRB5-DES-CBC3-SHA:!DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:!DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:!DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:!DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:!DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:!DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:!DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA128-SHA:!DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA

SSLHonorCipherOrder on
</VirtualHost>
</IfModule>
</pre>

== Scripts To Execute Upon Renewal ==

/etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy

LetsEncrypt

2025-02-03T15:09:10Z

MkWikiEnSysOp:

This article describes installation and configuration of letsencrypt and its certificates using Debian Jessie. YMMV.

== Installation of certbot ==

=== Manual installation using git ===

==== Installing prerequisite packages ====

Every package after "git" would be installed by the letsencrypt-auto script, but you might want to have the packages installed before.

apt install -y git python python-dev python-virtualenv gcc dialog libssl-dev libffi-dev ca-certificates

==== Fetching letsencrypt ====

git clone https://github.com/letsencrypt/letsencrypt

=== Installation using snap ===

apt install snapd
snap install core
snap install certbot --classic

=== Installation using Python infrastructure ===

Especially when snap cannot be used (message <code>error: system does not fully support snapd: cannot mount squashfs image using "squashfs": mount:</code> appears when "snap install" is run), certbot can be installed using pip:

apt install python3-pip python3-venv
python3 -m venv certbotenv
source certbotenv/bin/activate
pip3 install certbot ''certbot-nginx certbot-apache''

'''Hint:''' Depending on the webserver you use, install module certbot-nginx or certbot-apache.

== Getting a certificate ==

=== The Old Way Using Letsencrypt ===

cd letsencrypt
./letsencrypt-auto '''--test-cert''' certonly --webroot -w /var/www -d fully.qualified.domain

First, test with "--test-cert", if you're certain that everything works, just omit this parameter to get real certificates for production use.

When the script runs, it setups everything that's needed. It asks you for your e-mail address and that you agree to the terms of use. Once the operation is finished, all the files created by the script are located in /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/.

=== The New Way Using Certbot ===

certbot --nginx -d ''fully.qualified.domain''

== Configuring web server ==

=== nginx ===

It is wise to have a dhparam.pem file in /etc/nginx. It can be created using this command:

openssl dhparam -out /etc/nginx/dhparam.pem 4096

Adjust the path and the size (4096) to your requirements. 4096 can take a pretty long time (half an hour wouldn't be a surprise).

<pre>
server {
listen 443;
server_name fully.qualified.domain;

root /var/www;
index index.html index.htm;

error_page 404 /404.html;

ssl on;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/privkey.pem;

ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:5m;

ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;

ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!3DES:!MD5:!PSK';

ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_dhparam /etc/nginx/dhparam.pem;

location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
autoindex on;
}
}
</pre>

=== Apache ===

<pre>
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerAdmin webmaster@domain
ServerName fully.qualified.domain

DocumentRoot /var/www
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
</Directory>

ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/yourdomain_error.log

LogLevel warn

CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/yourdomain_access.log combined

SSLEngine on

SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/privkey.pem
SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/fully.qualified.domain/chain.pem

<FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
</FilesMatch>
<Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>
SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
</Directory>

BrowserMatch "MSIE [2-6]" \
nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0
# MSIE 7 and newer should be able to use keepalive
BrowserMatch "MSIE [17-9]" ssl-unclean-shutdown

# Logjam protection
SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
# http://serverfault.com/questions/693306/trying-to-mitigate-logjam-on-apache-2-2-16
SSLCipherSuite ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:AES:CAMELLIA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!MD5:!PSK:!aECDH:!EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA:!EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:!KRB5-DES-CBC3-SHA:!DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:!DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:!DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:!DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:!DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:!DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:!DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA128-SHA:!DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA

SSLHonorCipherOrder on
</VirtualHost>
</IfModule>
</pre>

== Scripts To Execute Upon Renewal ==

/etc/letsencrypt/renewal-hooks/deploy

Months in Slavic Languages

2024-11-03T20:43:24Z

MkWikiEnSysOp:

When learning Ukrainian I learnt that in Ukrainian the names of the months are quite "strange" compared to any language I learnt before (which usually refer to the Roman Empire in some way or are related to Latin <ref>like "September": it derives from the Latin word for "seven": "septem" (because at this time it was the seventh month of the year)</ref>). After some research I found out, that other Slavic languages also use "non-Roman" month names. For example, the name for "October" in Belarusian is "кастрычнік" which comes from the word "Кастра" which means "the woody parts of the stems of fibrous plants (flax, hemp, kenaf, etc.), discarded during their primary processing" (translated by Google Translator from https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кастра).

Regarding Ukrainian, I found two pages explaining where the month names come from:

* [https://www.ukrainianlessons.com/months/ Amazing Names of Months in Ukrainian and Their Origin]
* [https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMonthsoftheyear.htm "Months of the year" in "Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine"]

So I asked ChatGPT <ref>ChatGPT prompt: Please generate a table in Mediawiki syntax that contains the names of the months in English, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Slowakian, Czech and Polish. The header of the table should contain the names of the languages.</ref> <ref>ChatGPT prompt: Please add the Bulgarian language to the table above.</ref> to generate a table of the months and their translations to Slavic languages.

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Slovenian !! Croatian !! Bosnian !! Serbian !! Macedonian !! Bulgarian !! Russian !! Ukrainian !! Belarusian !! Slovakian !! Czech !! Polish
|-
| January || januar || siječanj || januar || јануар (januar) || јануари (januari) || януари (yanuari) || январь (yanvar') || січень (sichen') || студзень (studzen') || január || leden || styczeń
|-
| February || februar || veljača || februar || фебруар (februar) || февруари (fevruari) || февруари (fevruari) || февраль (fevral') || лютий (lyutyi) || люты (lyuty) || február || únor || luty
|-
| March || marec || ožujak || mart || март (mart) || март (mart) || март (mart) || март (mart) || березень (berezen') || сакавік (sakavik) || marec || březen || marzec
|-
| April || april || travanj || april || април (april) || април (april) || април (april) || апрель (aprel') || квітень (kviten') || красавік (krasavik) || apríl || duben || kwiecień
|-
| May || maj || svibanj || maj || мај (maj) || мај (maj) || май (may) || май (may) || травень (traven') || май (may) || máj || květen || maj
|-
| June || junij || lipanj || juni || јун (jun) || јуни (juni) || юни (yuni) || июнь (iyun') || червень (cherven') || чэрвень (cherven') || jún || červen || czerwiec
|-
| July || julij || srpanj || juli || јул (jul) || јули (juli) || юли (yuli) || июль (iyul') || липень (lypen') || ліпень (lipen') || júl || červenec || lipiec
|-
| August || avgust || kolovoz || august || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || серпень (serpen') || жнівень (zhniven') || august || srpen || sierpień
|-
| September || september || rujan || septembar || септембар (septembar) || септември (septemvri) || септември (septemvri) || сентябрь (sentyabr') || вересень (veresen') || верасень (verasen') || september || září || wrzesień
|-
| October || oktober || listopad || oktobar || октобар (oktobar) || октомври (oktomvri) || октомври (oktomvri) || октябрь (oktyabr') || жовтень (zhovten') || кастрычнік (kastrichnik) || október || říjen || październik
|-
| November || november || studeni || novembar || новембар (novembar) || ноември (noemvri) || ноември (noemvri) || ноябрь (noyabr') || листопад (lystopad) || лістапад (listapad) || november || listopad || listopad
|-
| December || december || prosinac || decembar || децембар (decembar) || декември (dekemvri) || декември (dekemvri) || декабрь (dekabr') || грудень (hruden') || снежань (snezhan') || december || prosinec || grudzień
|}

Months in Slavic Languages

2024-11-03T20:43:06Z

MkWikiEnSysOp:

When learning Ukrainian I learnt that in Ukrainian the names of the months are quite "strange" compared to any language I learnt before (which usually refer to the Roman Empire in some way or are related to Latin <ref>like "September": it derives from the Latin word for "seven": "septem" (because at this time it was the seventh month of the year)</ref>). After some research I found out, that other Slavic languages also use "non-Roman" month names. For example, the name for "October" in Belarusian is "кастрычнік" which comes from the word "Кастра" which means "the woody parts of the stems of fibrous plants (flax, hemp, kenaf, etc.), discarded during their primary processing" (translated by Google Translator from https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кастра).

Regarding Ukrainian, I found two pages explaining where the month names come from:

* [https://www.ukrainianlessons.com/months/ Amazing Names of Months in Ukrainian and Their Origin]
* [https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMonthsoftheyear.htm "Months of the year" in "Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine"]

So I asked ChatGPT <ref>ChatGPT prompt: Please generate a table in Mediawiki syntax that contains the names of the months in English, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Slowakian, Czech and Polish. The header of the table should contain the names of the languages.</ref> <ref>Please add the Bulgarian language to the table above.</ref> to generate a table of the months and their translations to Slavic languages.

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Slovenian !! Croatian !! Bosnian !! Serbian !! Macedonian !! Bulgarian !! Russian !! Ukrainian !! Belarusian !! Slovakian !! Czech !! Polish
|-
| January || januar || siječanj || januar || јануар (januar) || јануари (januari) || януари (yanuari) || январь (yanvar') || січень (sichen') || студзень (studzen') || január || leden || styczeń
|-
| February || februar || veljača || februar || фебруар (februar) || февруари (fevruari) || февруари (fevruari) || февраль (fevral') || лютий (lyutyi) || люты (lyuty) || február || únor || luty
|-
| March || marec || ožujak || mart || март (mart) || март (mart) || март (mart) || март (mart) || березень (berezen') || сакавік (sakavik) || marec || březen || marzec
|-
| April || april || travanj || april || април (april) || април (april) || април (april) || апрель (aprel') || квітень (kviten') || красавік (krasavik) || apríl || duben || kwiecień
|-
| May || maj || svibanj || maj || мај (maj) || мај (maj) || май (may) || май (may) || травень (traven') || май (may) || máj || květen || maj
|-
| June || junij || lipanj || juni || јун (jun) || јуни (juni) || юни (yuni) || июнь (iyun') || червень (cherven') || чэрвень (cherven') || jún || červen || czerwiec
|-
| July || julij || srpanj || juli || јул (jul) || јули (juli) || юли (yuli) || июль (iyul') || липень (lypen') || ліпень (lipen') || júl || červenec || lipiec
|-
| August || avgust || kolovoz || august || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || серпень (serpen') || жнівень (zhniven') || august || srpen || sierpień
|-
| September || september || rujan || septembar || септембар (septembar) || септември (septemvri) || септември (septemvri) || сентябрь (sentyabr') || вересень (veresen') || верасень (verasen') || september || září || wrzesień
|-
| October || oktober || listopad || oktobar || октобар (oktobar) || октомври (oktomvri) || октомври (oktomvri) || октябрь (oktyabr') || жовтень (zhovten') || кастрычнік (kastrichnik) || október || říjen || październik
|-
| November || november || studeni || novembar || новембар (novembar) || ноември (noemvri) || ноември (noemvri) || ноябрь (noyabr') || листопад (lystopad) || лістапад (listapad) || november || listopad || listopad
|-
| December || december || prosinac || decembar || децембар (decembar) || декември (dekemvri) || декември (dekemvri) || декабрь (dekabr') || грудень (hruden') || снежань (snezhan') || december || prosinec || grudzień
|}

Months in Slavic Languages

2024-11-03T20:42:28Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Added Bulgarian

When learning Ukrainian I learnt that in Ukrainian the names of the months are quite "strange" compared to any language I learnt before (which usually refer to the Roman Empire in some way or are related to Latin <ref>like "September": it derives from the Latin word for "seven": "septem" (because at this time it was the seventh month of the year)</ref>). After some research I found out, that other Slavic languages also use "non-Roman" month names. For example, the name for "October" in Belarusian is "кастрычнік" which comes from the word "Кастра" which means "the woody parts of the stems of fibrous plants (flax, hemp, kenaf, etc.), discarded during their primary processing" (translated by Google Translator from https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кастра).

Regarding Ukrainian, I found two pages explaining where the month names come from:

* [https://www.ukrainianlessons.com/months/ Amazing Names of Months in Ukrainian and Their Origin]
* [https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMonthsoftheyear.htm "Months of the year" in "Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine"]

So I asked ChatGPT <ref>ChatGPT prompt: Please generate a table in Mediawiki syntax that contains the names of the months in English, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Slowakian, Czech and Polish. The header of the table should contain the names of the languages.</ref> to generate a table of the months and their translations to Slavic languages.

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Slovenian !! Croatian !! Bosnian !! Serbian !! Macedonian !! Bulgarian !! Russian !! Ukrainian !! Belarusian !! Slovakian !! Czech !! Polish
|-
| January || januar || siječanj || januar || јануар (januar) || јануари (januari) || януари (yanuari) || январь (yanvar') || січень (sichen') || студзень (studzen') || január || leden || styczeń
|-
| February || februar || veljača || februar || фебруар (februar) || февруари (fevruari) || февруари (fevruari) || февраль (fevral') || лютий (lyutyi) || люты (lyuty) || február || únor || luty
|-
| March || marec || ožujak || mart || март (mart) || март (mart) || март (mart) || март (mart) || березень (berezen') || сакавік (sakavik) || marec || březen || marzec
|-
| April || april || travanj || april || април (april) || април (april) || април (april) || апрель (aprel') || квітень (kviten') || красавік (krasavik) || apríl || duben || kwiecień
|-
| May || maj || svibanj || maj || мај (maj) || мај (maj) || май (may) || май (may) || травень (traven') || май (may) || máj || květen || maj
|-
| June || junij || lipanj || juni || јун (jun) || јуни (juni) || юни (yuni) || июнь (iyun') || червень (cherven') || чэрвень (cherven') || jún || červen || czerwiec
|-
| July || julij || srpanj || juli || јул (jul) || јули (juli) || юли (yuli) || июль (iyul') || липень (lypen') || ліпень (lipen') || júl || červenec || lipiec
|-
| August || avgust || kolovoz || august || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || серпень (serpen') || жнівень (zhniven') || august || srpen || sierpień
|-
| September || september || rujan || septembar || септембар (septembar) || септември (septemvri) || септември (septemvri) || сентябрь (sentyabr') || вересень (veresen') || верасень (verasen') || september || září || wrzesień
|-
| October || oktober || listopad || oktobar || октобар (oktobar) || октомври (oktomvri) || октомври (oktomvri) || октябрь (oktyabr') || жовтень (zhovten') || кастрычнік (kastrichnik) || október || říjen || październik
|-
| November || november || studeni || novembar || новембар (novembar) || ноември (noemvri) || ноември (noemvri) || ноябрь (noyabr') || листопад (lystopad) || лістапад (listapad) || november || listopad || listopad
|-
| December || december || prosinac || decembar || децембар (decembar) || декември (dekemvri) || декември (dekemvri) || декабрь (dekabr') || грудень (hruden') || снежань (snezhan') || december || prosinec || grudzień
|}

Mixed Links

2024-10-08T15:58:16Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Added link to Psychology/Relationships

== Life ==

=== Psychology ===

==== General ====

* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/depression-a-guide-for-the-perplexed/202401/how-do-i-know-if-im-depressed Psychology Today: How Do I Know if I'm Depressed?]

==== Relationships ====

* [https://hackspirit.com/signs-a-man-will-be-an-incredible-husband-according-to-psychology/ 12 signs a man will be an incredible husband, according to psychology]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/childhood-emotional-neglect/202301/3-communication-styles-that-gradually-poison-a-relationship Psychology Today: 3 Communication Styles That Poison Relationships - 2023/06/13]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-and-sexual-health/202407/managing-your-relationship-expectations Psychology Today: Managing Your Relationship Expectations - 2024/07/24]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/a-funny-bone-to-pick/202407/can-the-777-rule-improve-your-relationship Psychology Today: Could the "777 Rule" Improve Your Relationship? - 2024/07/20]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/everyone-on-top/202407/7-types-of-intimacy-to-deepen-your-relationship Psychology Today: 7 Types of Intimacy That Deepen a Relationship - 2024/07/16]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-secular-mystic-path/202407/episodic-intimacy-vs-committed-intimacy Psychology Today: The Difference Between Episodic and Committed Intimacy - 2024/07/09]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/liking-the-child-you-love/202406/still-in-love-with-your-partner-3-questions-to-find-out Psychology Today: 3 Questions to Help Find Out if You're Still in Love - 2024/06/09]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-listening-lens/202406/rekindling-love-how-deep-listening-can-rescue-relationship Psychology Today: Rekindling Love: How Deep Listening Can Rescue Relationship - 2024/06/07]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/a-funny-bone-to-pick/202405/how-to-exit-a-relationship-properly-and-respectfully Psychology Today: 12 Ways to Exit a Relationship Gracefully - 2024/06/06]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/from-fear-to-intimacy/202406/what-men-and-women-dont-understand-about-each-other Psychology Today: What Men and Women Don’t Understand About Each Other - 2024/06/18]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/liking-the-child-you-love/202406/3-hidden-reasons-you-keep-choosing-bad-relationship-partners Psychology Today: Why Some People Keep Choosing the Wrong Partners - 2024/06/21]
* [https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/ways-to-get-over-heartbreak 14 Ways To Get Over Heartbreak & Heal A Broken Heart - 2021/03/28]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/liking-the-child-you-love/202409/the-key-to-a-lasting-relationship-its-not-love Psychology Today: The Key to a Lasting Relationship: It's Not Love - 2024/09/22]

Mixed Links

2024-10-08T15:57:11Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Added link to Psychology/Relationships

Mixed Links

2024-10-08T15:55:36Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: /* Psychology */ Added various links from Psychology Today regarding Relationships

Mixed Links

2024-10-08T15:50:32Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Added subchapter "General" with link to PT

Mixed Links

2024-10-08T15:49:04Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Correct level of heading

== Life ==

=== Psychology ===

==== Relationships ====

* [https://hackspirit.com/signs-a-man-will-be-an-incredible-husband-according-to-psychology/ 12 signs a man will be an incredible husband, according to psychology]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/childhood-emotional-neglect/202301/3-communication-styles-that-gradually-poison-a-relationship Psychology Today: 3 Communication Styles That Poison Relationships - 2023/06/13]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-and-sexual-health/202407/managing-your-relationship-expectations Psychology Today: Managing Your Relationship Expectations - 2024/07/24]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/a-funny-bone-to-pick/202407/can-the-777-rule-improve-your-relationship Psychology Today: Could the "777 Rule" Improve Your Relationship? - 2024/07/20]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/everyone-on-top/202407/7-types-of-intimacy-to-deepen-your-relationship Psychology Today: 7 Types of Intimacy That Deepen a Relationship - 2024/07/16]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-secular-mystic-path/202407/episodic-intimacy-vs-committed-intimacy Psychology Today: The Difference Between Episodic and Committed Intimacy - 2024/07/09]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/liking-the-child-you-love/202406/still-in-love-with-your-partner-3-questions-to-find-out Psychology Today: 3 Questions to Help Find Out if You're Still in Love - 2024/06/09]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-listening-lens/202406/rekindling-love-how-deep-listening-can-rescue-relationship Psychology Today: Rekindling Love: How Deep Listening Can Rescue Relationship - 2024/06/07]

Mixed Links

2024-10-08T15:48:35Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: /* Psychology */ Added various links from Psychology Today regarding Relationships

== Life ==

=== Psychology ===

=== Relationships ===

* [https://hackspirit.com/signs-a-man-will-be-an-incredible-husband-according-to-psychology/ 12 signs a man will be an incredible husband, according to psychology]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/childhood-emotional-neglect/202301/3-communication-styles-that-gradually-poison-a-relationship Psychology Today: 3 Communication Styles That Poison Relationships - 2023/06/13]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-and-sexual-health/202407/managing-your-relationship-expectations Psychology Today: Managing Your Relationship Expectations - 2024/07/24]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/a-funny-bone-to-pick/202407/can-the-777-rule-improve-your-relationship Psychology Today: Could the "777 Rule" Improve Your Relationship? - 2024/07/20]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/everyone-on-top/202407/7-types-of-intimacy-to-deepen-your-relationship Psychology Today: 7 Types of Intimacy That Deepen a Relationship - 2024/07/16]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-secular-mystic-path/202407/episodic-intimacy-vs-committed-intimacy Psychology Today: The Difference Between Episodic and Committed Intimacy - 2024/07/09]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/liking-the-child-you-love/202406/still-in-love-with-your-partner-3-questions-to-find-out Psychology Today: 3 Questions to Help Find Out if You're Still in Love - 2024/06/09]
* [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-listening-lens/202406/rekindling-love-how-deep-listening-can-rescue-relationship Psychology Today: Rekindling Love: How Deep Listening Can Rescue Relationship - 2024/06/07]

Mixed Links

2024-10-08T15:41:42Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: /* Psychology */ Added various links from Psychology Today regarding Relationships

Months in Slavic Languages

2024-10-06T17:40:36Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Add second page explaining Ukrainian month names

When learning Ukrainian I learnt that in Ukrainian the names of the months are quite "strange" compared to any language I learnt before (which usually refer to the Roman Empire in some way or are related to Latin <ref>like "September": it derives from the Latin word for "seven": "septem" (because at this time it was the seventh month of the year)</ref>). After some research I found out, that other Slavic languages also use "non-Roman" month names. For example, the name for "October" in Belarusian is "кастрычнік" which comes from the word "Кастра" which means "the woody parts of the stems of fibrous plants (flax, hemp, kenaf, etc.), discarded during their primary processing" (translated by Google Translator from https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кастра).

Regarding Ukrainian, I found two pages explaining where the month names come from:

* [https://www.ukrainianlessons.com/months/ Amazing Names of Months in Ukrainian and Their Origin]
* [https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMonthsoftheyear.htm "Months of the year" in "Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine"]

So I asked ChatGPT <ref>ChatGPT prompt: Please generate a table in Mediawiki syntax that contains the names of the months in English, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Slowakian, Czech and Polish. The header of the table should contain the names of the languages.</ref> to generate a table of the months and their translations to Slavic languages.

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Slovenian !! Croatian !! Bosnian !! Serbian !! Macedonian !! Russian !! Ukrainian !! Belarusian !! Slovakian !! Czech !! Polish
|-
| January || januar || siječanj || januar || јануар (januar) || јануари (januari) || январь (yanvar') || січень (sichen') || студзень (studzen') || január || leden || styczeń
|-
| February || februar || veljača || februar || фебруар (februar) || февруари (fevruari) || февраль (fevral') || лютий (lyutyi) || люты (lyuty) || február || únor || luty
|-
| March || marec || ožujak || mart || март (mart) || март (mart) || март (mart) || березень (berezen') || сакавік (sakavik) || marec || březen || marzec
|-
| April || april || travanj || april || април (april) || април (april) || апрель (aprel') || квітень (kviten') || красавік (krasavik) || apríl || duben || kwiecień
|-
| May || maj || svibanj || maj || мај (maj) || мај (maj) || май (may) || травень (traven') || май (may) || máj || květen || maj
|-
| June || junij || lipanj || juni || јун (jun) || јуни (juni) || июнь (iyun') || червень (cherven') || чэрвень (cherven') || jún || červen || czerwiec
|-
| July || julij || srpanj || juli || јул (jul) || јули (juli) || июль (iyul') || липень (lypen') || ліпень (lipen') || júl || červenec || lipiec
|-
| August || avgust || kolovoz || august || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || серпень (serpen') || жнівень (zhniven') || august || srpen || sierpień
|-
| September || september || rujan || septembar || септембар (septembar) || септември (septemvri) || сентябрь (sentyabr') || вересень (veresen') || верасень (verasen') || september || září || wrzesień
|-
| October || oktober || listopad || oktobar || октобар (oktobar) || октомври (oktomvri) || октябрь (oktyabr') || жовтень (zhovten') || кастрычнік (kastrichnik) || október || říjen || październik
|-
| November || november || studeni || novembar || новембар (novembar) || ноември (noemvri) || ноябрь (noyabr') || листопад (lystopad) || лістапад (listapad) || november || listopad || listopad
|-
| December || december || prosinac || decembar || децембар (decembar) || декември (dekemvri) || декабрь (dekabr') || грудень (hruden') || снежань (snezhan') || december || prosinec || grudzień
|}

Months in Slavic Languages

2024-10-06T17:20:29Z

MkWikiEnSysOp:

When learning Ukrainian I learnt that in Ukrainian the names of the months are quite "strange" compared to any language I learnt before (which usually refer to the Roman Empire in some way or are related to Latin <ref>like "September": it derives from the Latin word for "seven": "septem" (because at this time it was the seventh month of the year)</ref>). After some research I found out, that other Slavic languages also use "non-Roman" month names. For example, the name for "October" in Belarusian is "кастрычнік" which comes from the word "Кастра" which means "the woody parts of the stems of fibrous plants (flax, hemp, kenaf, etc.), discarded during their primary processing" (translated by Google Translator from https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кастра). Regarding Ukrainian, I found a page that describes where the month names come from: [https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CO%5CMonthsoftheyear.htm "Months of the year" in "Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine"]

So I asked ChatGPT <ref>ChatGPT prompt: Please generate a table in Mediawiki syntax that contains the names of the months in English, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Slowakian, Czech and Polish. The header of the table should contain the names of the languages.</ref> to generate a table of the months and their translations to Slavic languages.

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Slovenian !! Croatian !! Bosnian !! Serbian !! Macedonian !! Russian !! Ukrainian !! Belarusian !! Slovakian !! Czech !! Polish
|-
| January || januar || siječanj || januar || јануар (januar) || јануари (januari) || январь (yanvar') || січень (sichen') || студзень (studzen') || január || leden || styczeń
|-
| February || februar || veljača || februar || фебруар (februar) || февруари (fevruari) || февраль (fevral') || лютий (lyutyi) || люты (lyuty) || február || únor || luty
|-
| March || marec || ožujak || mart || март (mart) || март (mart) || март (mart) || березень (berezen') || сакавік (sakavik) || marec || březen || marzec
|-
| April || april || travanj || april || април (april) || април (april) || апрель (aprel') || квітень (kviten') || красавік (krasavik) || apríl || duben || kwiecień
|-
| May || maj || svibanj || maj || мај (maj) || мај (maj) || май (may) || травень (traven') || май (may) || máj || květen || maj
|-
| June || junij || lipanj || juni || јун (jun) || јуни (juni) || июнь (iyun') || червень (cherven') || чэрвень (cherven') || jún || červen || czerwiec
|-
| July || julij || srpanj || juli || јул (jul) || јули (juli) || июль (iyul') || липень (lypen') || ліпень (lipen') || júl || červenec || lipiec
|-
| August || avgust || kolovoz || august || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || серпень (serpen') || жнівень (zhniven') || august || srpen || sierpień
|-
| September || september || rujan || septembar || септембар (septembar) || септември (septemvri) || сентябрь (sentyabr') || вересень (veresen') || верасень (verasen') || september || září || wrzesień
|-
| October || oktober || listopad || oktobar || октобар (oktobar) || октомври (oktomvri) || октябрь (oktyabr') || жовтень (zhovten') || кастрычнік (kastrichnik) || október || říjen || październik
|-
| November || november || studeni || novembar || новембар (novembar) || ноември (noemvri) || ноябрь (noyabr') || листопад (lystopad) || лістапад (listapad) || november || listopad || listopad
|-
| December || december || prosinac || decembar || децембар (decembar) || декември (dekemvri) || декабрь (dekabr') || грудень (hruden') || снежань (snezhan') || december || prosinec || grudzień
|}

Months in Slavic Languages

2024-10-06T17:07:52Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Add missing ")"

When learning Ukrainian I learnt that in Ukrainian the names of the months are quite "strange" compared to any language I learnt before (which usually refer to the Roman Empire in some way or are related to Latin <ref>like "September": it derives from the Latin word for "seven": "septem" (because at this time it was the seventh month of the year)</ref>). After some research I found out, that other Slavic languages also use "non-Roman" month names. For example, the name for "October" in Belarusian is "кастрычнік" which comes from the word "Кастра" which means "the woody parts of the stems of fibrous plants (flax, hemp, kenaf, etc.), discarded during their primary processing" (translated by Google Translator from https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кастра).

So I asked ChatGPT <ref>ChatGPT prompt: Please generate a table in Mediawiki syntax that contains the names of the months in English, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Slowakian, Czech and Polish. The header of the table should contain the names of the languages.</ref> to generate a table of the months and their translations to Slavic languages.

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Slovenian !! Croatian !! Bosnian !! Serbian !! Macedonian !! Russian !! Ukrainian !! Belarusian !! Slovakian !! Czech !! Polish
|-
| January || januar || siječanj || januar || јануар (januar) || јануари (januari) || январь (yanvar') || січень (sichen') || студзень (studzen') || január || leden || styczeń
|-
| February || februar || veljača || februar || фебруар (februar) || февруари (fevruari) || февраль (fevral') || лютий (lyutyi) || люты (lyuty) || február || únor || luty
|-
| March || marec || ožujak || mart || март (mart) || март (mart) || март (mart) || березень (berezen') || сакавік (sakavik) || marec || březen || marzec
|-
| April || april || travanj || april || април (april) || април (april) || апрель (aprel') || квітень (kviten') || красавік (krasavik) || apríl || duben || kwiecień
|-
| May || maj || svibanj || maj || мај (maj) || мај (maj) || май (may) || травень (traven') || май (may) || máj || květen || maj
|-
| June || junij || lipanj || juni || јун (jun) || јуни (juni) || июнь (iyun') || червень (cherven') || чэрвень (cherven') || jún || červen || czerwiec
|-
| July || julij || srpanj || juli || јул (jul) || јули (juli) || июль (iyul') || липень (lypen') || ліпень (lipen') || júl || červenec || lipiec
|-
| August || avgust || kolovoz || august || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || серпень (serpen') || жнівень (zhniven') || august || srpen || sierpień
|-
| September || september || rujan || septembar || септембар (septembar) || септември (septemvri) || сентябрь (sentyabr') || вересень (veresen') || верасень (verasen') || september || září || wrzesień
|-
| October || oktober || listopad || oktobar || октобар (oktobar) || октомври (oktomvri) || октябрь (oktyabr') || жовтень (zhovten') || кастрычнік (kastrichnik) || október || říjen || październik
|-
| November || november || studeni || novembar || новембар (novembar) || ноември (noemvri) || ноябрь (noyabr') || листопад (lystopad) || лістапад (listapad) || november || listopad || listopad
|-
| December || december || prosinac || decembar || децембар (decembar) || декември (dekemvri) || декабрь (dekabr') || грудень (hruden') || снежань (snezhan') || december || prosinec || grudzień
|}

Months in Slavic Languages

2024-10-06T16:44:30Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Page creation

When learning Ukrainian I learnt that in Ukrainian the names of the months are quite "strange" compared to any language I learnt before (which usually refer to the Roman Empire in some way or are related to Latin <ref>like "September": it derives from the Latin word for "seven": "septem" (because at this time it was the seventh month of the year)</ref>. After some research I found out, that other Slavic languages also use "non-Roman" month names. For example, the name for "October" in Belarusian is "кастрычнік" which comes from the word "Кастра" which means "the woody parts of the stems of fibrous plants (flax, hemp, kenaf, etc.), discarded during their primary processing" (translated by Google Translator from https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кастра).

So I asked ChatGPT <ref>ChatGPT prompt: Please generate a table in Mediawiki syntax that contains the names of the months in English, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Slowakian, Czech and Polish. The header of the table should contain the names of the languages.</ref> to generate a table of the months and their translations to Slavic languages.

{| class="wikitable"
! English !! Slovenian !! Croatian !! Bosnian !! Serbian !! Macedonian !! Russian !! Ukrainian !! Belarusian !! Slovakian !! Czech !! Polish
|-
| January || januar || siječanj || januar || јануар (januar) || јануари (januari) || январь (yanvar') || січень (sichen') || студзень (studzen') || január || leden || styczeń
|-
| February || februar || veljača || februar || фебруар (februar) || февруари (fevruari) || февраль (fevral') || лютий (lyutyi) || люты (lyuty) || február || únor || luty
|-
| March || marec || ožujak || mart || март (mart) || март (mart) || март (mart) || березень (berezen') || сакавік (sakavik) || marec || březen || marzec
|-
| April || april || travanj || april || април (april) || април (april) || апрель (aprel') || квітень (kviten') || красавік (krasavik) || apríl || duben || kwiecień
|-
| May || maj || svibanj || maj || мај (maj) || мај (maj) || май (may) || травень (traven') || май (may) || máj || květen || maj
|-
| June || junij || lipanj || juni || јун (jun) || јуни (juni) || июнь (iyun') || червень (cherven') || чэрвень (cherven') || jún || červen || czerwiec
|-
| July || julij || srpanj || juli || јул (jul) || јули (juli) || июль (iyul') || липень (lypen') || ліпень (lipen') || júl || červenec || lipiec
|-
| August || avgust || kolovoz || august || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || август (avgust) || серпень (serpen') || жнівень (zhniven') || august || srpen || sierpień
|-
| September || september || rujan || septembar || септембар (septembar) || септември (septemvri) || сентябрь (sentyabr') || вересень (veresen') || верасень (verasen') || september || září || wrzesień
|-
| October || oktober || listopad || oktobar || октобар (oktobar) || октомври (oktomvri) || октябрь (oktyabr') || жовтень (zhovten') || кастрычнік (kastrichnik) || október || říjen || październik
|-
| November || november || studeni || novembar || новембар (novembar) || ноември (noemvri) || ноябрь (noyabr') || листопад (lystopad) || лістапад (listapad) || november || listopad || listopad
|-
| December || december || prosinac || decembar || децембар (decembar) || декември (dekemvri) || декабрь (dekabr') || грудень (hruden') || снежань (snezhan') || december || prosinec || grudzień
|}

Debian Upgrade Bullseye To Bookworm

2024-05-29T11:15:57Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: +Web Application Using PHP and MariaDB

Debian Upgrade Bullseye To Bookworm

2024-05-29T11:13:26Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Main description

This article contains all problems that I encountered when upgrading Debian from 11/Bullseye to 12/Bookworm.

[[Category:Linux]]

Create Symlinks with Random Number

2024-05-28T18:34:28Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Added category Linux

for f in /directory/*; do ln -s "$f" "$((RANDOM%900+100))_$(basename "$f")"; done

[[Category:Linux]]

Create Symlinks with Random Number

2024-05-28T18:33:54Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: Initial creation

for f in /directory/*; do ln -s "$f" "$((RANDOM%900+100))_$(basename "$f")"; done

Mixed Links

2024-01-16T17:06:33Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: +12 signs a man will be an incredible husband

== Life ==

=== Psychology ===

* [https://hackspirit.com/signs-a-man-will-be-an-incredible-husband-according-to-psychology/ 12 signs a man will be an incredible husband, according to psychology]

FreeBSD

2023-11-23T21:38:52Z

MkWikiEnSysOp: /* Setting video mode (EFI) */

== Install side-by-side with Linux on a BIOS computer ==

=== Installation ===

In my experiment with FreeBSD 12 I was not able to create a partition for FreeBSD using the installer. So I created an unformatted partition using gparted in Linux, which got the number "sda9" in Linux. However, FreeBSD's installer still did not let me choose that partition for installation. So I had to choose to manually format and mount the partition from the command line:

newfs /dev/ada0s9
mount /dev/ada0s9 /mmt

After that I had to create a "fstab" file in a directory called "bsdinstall_etc":

mkdir bsdinstall_etc
echo "/dev/ada0s9 / ufs 0 0" > /bsdinstall_etc/fstab

As soon as I pressed Ctrl+D to leave the shell, installation would start.

=== Booting ===

The installer does not change anything in the boot process of the PC. Since there was GRUB installed on it, it was no problem booting FreeBSD with the following entry:

menuentry "FreeBSD" --class freebsd --class bsd --class os {
insmod ufs2
insmod bsd
set root=(hd0,msdos10)
kfreebsd /boot/kernel/kernel
kfreebsd_loadenv /boot/device.hints
set kFreeBSD.vfs.root.mountfrom=ufs:/dev/ada0s9
set kFreeBSD.vfs.root.mountfrom.options=rw
set kFreeBSD.hw.psm.synaptics_support=1
}

[https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/109278/84643 Credits]

Chainloading, as some sources state, would not work, because the FreeBSD installer did not write the boot code to the boot sector of the partition.

== Configuration ==

=== Setting a different language ===

In /etc/rc.conf:

keymap="de"

In ~/.profile:

LANG=de_AT.UTF-8
export LANG

=== Setting video mode (EFI) ===

In <code>/boot/loader.conf</code>:

console="vidconsole"
efi_max_resolution="1080p"

[https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader.conf&sektion=5&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+14.0-RELEASE+and+Ports Credits]

== Software ==

=== Essential packages ===

pkg install nano bash dfc wget htop

=== Running MATE Desktop Environment ===

Installation:

pkg install -y mate mate-desktop xorg slim

[https://fusion809.github.io/mate-freebsd/ Credits]

Configuring:

sysrc dbus_enable="YES"
sysrc slim_enable="YES"
echo "exec mate-session" >> ~/.xinitrc

[[Category:FreeBSD]]
[[Category:BSD]]